Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo yahuye yahuye n’ibibazo byinshi mu mwaka dusoje wa 2023, ndetse na nyuma yuyu mwaka niko bikomeje kumera nyuma y’amatora y’umukuru w’igihugu aho bamwe batemera ibyayavuyemo. Imirwano irimo imitwe yitwara gisirikare ku butaka n’umutungo kamere, ubwicanyi ndengakamere bw’inzego zishinzwe umutekano, ihohoterwa rya politiki, n’ubwimvikane bucye n’igihugu cy’ u Rwanda bituranye (ahanini bijyanye n’uko bivugwa ko rushyigikiye imitwe yitwara gisirikare muri Kongo) byagize uruhare mu ntambara yica.
Usibye amakuru avuga ko umubare w’abasivili bapfa wiyongera mu burasirazuba bwa Kongo, Loni yatangaje ko umubare w’abavanywe mu byabo wageze ku rwego rwo hejuru ugera kuri miliyoni 6.9 kuko imirwano ituma igice kinini cy’igihugu kitagira umutekano ku baturage batuye iki gihugu gikungahaye ku mutungo wa kamere.
Kuva mu 1996, amakimbirane yo mu burasirazuba bwa DRC yahitanye abantu bagera kuri miliyoni esheshatu. Intambara ya mbere ya Kongo (1996–1997) yatangiye nyuma ya Jenoside yakorewe abatutsi mu Rwanda yo mu 1994, Mu gihe cya jenoside na nyuma yayo, hari abanyarwanda bagera kuri miliyoni ebyiri bambutse umupaka wa Kongo, ahanini bakajya kuba mu nkambi z’impunzi ziri mu ntara ya Kivu y’Amajyaruguru na Kivu y’Amajyepfo.
Agace gato k’abo banyarwanda binjiye muri DRC ni abahezanguni b’Abahutu batangiye gutegura imitwe yitwara gisirikare muri Kongo. Igitutu cyakajije umurego mu gihe u Rwanda rwatangiye gushaka uko rurwanya iyo mitwe yitwara gisirikare yariri muri Kondo dore ko bamwe mu bari muriyo mitwe bari barasize bakoze jenoside mu Rwanda.
U Rwanda rwatangije Intambara ya mbere ya Kongo kugira ngo irwanye iyo mitwe yari yarasize ikoze ibara mu Rwanda rubifashijwemo n’ibindi bihugu byo muri Afurika (cyane cyane Uganda, ariko na Angola n’Uburundi) bari bafite impungenge z’umutekano wabo zijyanye no gushyigikira Mobutu kuko babonaga azashyigikira imitwe y’inyeshyamba ku mugabane wa Afurika.
Igitero cy’urugaga rw’u Rwanda cyahujwe n’umuyobozi wa Zaire wahoze atavuga rumwe n’ubutegetsi icyo gihe, Laurent Kabila. Ibihumbi n’ibihumbi barapfuye; bamwe mu bahitanywe n’abahoze ari abarwanyi b’Abahutu kandi bari mu mitwe yitwaje intwaro, ariko benshi bari impunzi n’Abanyekongo batarwanyije mu majyaruguru ya Kivu y’Amajyepfo no mu majyepfo, mu burasirazuba bwa DRC.
Ihuriro rya Kabila-Kagame ryatsinze Intambara ya mbere ya Kongo mu 1997 igihe Mobutu yahungaga Kinshasa. Kabila yashyizweho nka perezida wa Zayire ahindura izina ry’igihugu asubira muri Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo.
Mu 1998, Intambara ya Kongo ya kabiri yatangiye nyuma yo kwangirika k’umubano hagati ya Kigali na Kinshasa. Mu rwego rwo kugabanya kumva ko u Rwanda rwagize uruhare rukomeye kuri guverinoma ya Kongo, Kabila yahakanye ibivugwa ko u Rwanda ari rwo rwagize uruhare mu gutsinda intambara no kumushyira ku butegetsi.
Kabila yatangiye kandi gukuraho abanyarwanda muri guverinoma ye maze afata ingamba zo guca intege ingabo z’u Rwanda mu burasirazuba bwa DRC.
Mu rwego rwo guhindura ubufatanye, Kabila yategetse ingabo zose z’amahanga kuva muri Kongo kandi yemerera imitwe yitwaje intwaro (bamwe bavuye mu Rwanda twavuze haruguru) kongera kwitegura ku mupaka.
Hagati y’akaduruvayo k’intambara, Laurent Kabila yiciwe mu gikorwa cyo guhirika ubutegetsi mu 2001 cyari giteganijwe n’abafasha be n’abamurinda. Ababigizemo uruhare barafunzwe maze umuhungu wa Kabila, Joseph Kabila, afata ubutegetsi.
Intambara ya kabiri ya Kongo yarangiye ku mugaragaro iyobowe na Kabila muto mu 2002, kandi mu gihe ibigereranyo bitandukanye cyane, umubare w’abahitanwa n’intambara ya kabiri ya Kongo hamwe n’ibiza byibasiye inyokomuntu bishobora kuba byageze ku bantu barenga miliyoni eshatu mu 2004.
Hagati ya 2002 na 2003, u Rwanda, Uganda, na DRC byatangiye gushyira mu bikorwa amasezerano y’amahoro yemerera guverinoma y’inzibacyuho i Kinshasa iyobowe na Joseph Kabila. N’ubwo ayo masezerano yashyizweho, hashyizweho komisiyo z’ukuri n’ubwiyunge, ndetse n’ingabo z’ingabo z’umuryango w’abibumbye zishinzwe kubungabunga amahoro, imvururu n’imirwano byakomeje mu burasirazuba bwa DRC. Joseph Kabila yatangijwe ku mugaragaro nyuma y’amatora yari ategerejwe na benshi mu 2006.
Imwe mu mitwe yigometse cyane yagaragaye mu ntangiriro ya 2000 yari izwi ku izina rya March 23 Movement (M23) Hagati y’umwaka wa 2012 na 2013, M23 yabaye ingabo zidashidikanywaho mu burasirazuba bwa DRC, Kinshasa ashinja Kigali kuba yarashyigikiye uyu mutwe.
Félix Tshisekedi yatangajwe ko yatsinze amatora ya DRC yo mu Kuboza 2018 akanashyirwa mu bikorwa muri Mutarama 2019. Ihererekanyabubasha rya Perezida Joseph Kabila ryaranze ihererekanyabubasha ry’amahoro mu mateka ya DRC.
Ariko, ibyavuye mu matora yo mu 2018 nabyo icyo gihe byibajijweho na benshi, kandi amakuru y’amatora amwe n’amwe yavugaga ko umukandida Martin Fayulu, ashobora kuba ariwe wari watsinze. Amaze kurahira, Tshisekedi yarazwe ibibazo byinshi, birimo icyorezo cya Ebola ndetse n’urugomo rukomeje kuba mu burasirazuba bwa DRC.
Ubwinshi bw’umutungo kamere-cyane cyane amabuye y’agaciro-aboneka mu butaka bwa Kongo bwateje amakimbirane mu burasirazuba bwa DRC. Mu gihe amasosiyete yo muri Amerika yigeze kugira ibirombe binini bya cobalt muri Kongo, ibyinshi byagurishijwe mu masosiyete y’Abashinwa mu gihe cy’ubutegetsi bwa Barack Obama na Donald Trump.
Amasosiyete y’Abashinwa ahujwe na Beijing ubu agenzura igice kinini cy’ibirombe bya cobalt, uranium, n’umuringa muri DRC, kandi ingabo za Kongo zoherejwe kenshi mu bucukuzi bw’amabuye y’agaciro mu burasirazuba bwa DRC mu rwego rwo kurinda umutungo w’Ubushinwa. Ubuyobozi bwa Joe Biden bwemeje ko Ubushinwa bwiharira inganda mu bucukuzi bw’amabuye y’agaciro ya DRC bugira uruhare runini mu kuzamura inyungu zigereranywa n’Ubushinwa mu bibuga by’ingufu n’ikoranabuhanga kandi bikaba imbogamizi ku byifuzo by’ingufu z’Amerika zifite ingufu.
Ubushinwa bugira uruhare mu makimbirane yo mu gihugu cya Kongo ndetse n’ubukungu bwabwo: guverinoma ya Kongo irwanya inyeshyamba za M23 zifashishijwe n’indege zitagira abapilote n’intwaro z’Abashinwa, kandi Uganda yaguze intwaro z’Ubushinwa kugira ngo ikore ibikorwa bya gisirikare ku mipaka ya DRC.
Amasezerano Ubushinwa bwagiranye n’ubuyobozi bwa Kongo, cyane cyane mu gihe cy’ubutegetsi bwa Joseph Kabila, bwafashije ibigo by’Abashinwa kubona uburyo butigeze bubaho bwo kubona ibyuma bibemerera gukora cyane ibikoresho bya elegitoroniki n’ikoranabuhanga ry’ingufu zisukuye.
Umubano wa Beijing na Kinshasa waje gukurikiranwa n’amahanga bituma Perezida Kabila yegura mu mwaka wa 2019 igihe hagaragaye ibimenyetso byerekana ko umurwa mukuru w’Ubushinwa – ugamije gushora imari mu bikorwa remezo nko kwishyura uburenganzira bw’amabuye y’agaciro – washyikirijwe Joseph Kabila na bagenzi be. Ubushinwa na DRC bigoye cyane, umubano w’ubukungu n’igisirikare mu nzego zitandukanye byatumye abantu batagera ku mutungo w’ingenzi wa Kongo n’inyungu ku bindi bihugu ndetse n’abaturage ba Kongo ubwabo.
Ibi bibazo byose twavuze haruguru nibyo bikomeje gukurura amakimbirane muri iki gihgu, Gusa bamwe bavuga ko Kongo bigoranye kuyiyobora bitewe nuko ari igihugu kinini kandi gifite ubutunzi kamere ubuyobozi bwananiwe kurinda kuko usanga buri mutegetsi ujeho ntacyo akunze kuvuga ku buryo ubutunzi kamere bw’igihugu bukoreshwa, Ni mu gihe kandi usanga ubu butunzi nta muturage usanzwe bufitiye akamaro.
